Urinary Tract Infection (UTI): symptoms, self-care and when to get help
Checked against current published health guidance — last reviewed 2026-11-09. See how we check.
A urinary tract infection (UTI) typically causes pain or burning when urinating, needing to go more often, and cloudy or strong-smelling urine, and mild cases can improve with fluids and pharmacy advice. Fever, back pain, or feeling generally very unwell can mean the infection has spread to the kidneys and needs prompt medical attention.
Overview
UTIs happen when bacteria get into the urinary tract, most often the bladder. They're common, especially in women, and usually cause localised symptoms without making you feel generally unwell.
Mild bladder infections often settle with simple measures, though many people are prescribed a short course of antibiotics to clear the infection and prevent it spreading.
What may help
- Drink plenty of water to help flush the urinary tract
- A pharmacist can advise on pain relief and whether your symptoms need a GP review
- Urinate as soon as you feel the need, and empty your bladder fully
- Avoid caffeine and alcohol until symptoms settle, as they can irritate the bladder
When to see a pharmacist or GP
- Symptoms of a UTI, especially if this is the first time or symptoms are more than mild
- Symptoms not improving within a couple of days of starting treatment
- In England, a pharmacist can assess and, where suitable, treat a UTI under the NHS Pharmacy First service if you are a woman aged 16 to 64 who is not pregnant or breastfeeding; otherwise ask your GP or call NHS 111.
- Recurrent UTIs (2 within 6 months or 3 within 12 months)
- You're pregnant and think you have a UTI — this always needs prompt assessment
When it could be an emergency
Call 999 (or your local emergency number) or go to A&E now if you or your child are confused, drowsy or have difficulty speaking. Ask for an urgent GP appointment or call NHS 111 (or your local urgent care service) if you have a very high or low temperature, feel hot or cold or are shivering, have pain in your lower tummy or in your back just under the ribs, or have blood in your pee, as these can be signs of a kidney infection, which can lead to sepsis.
For emergency numbers see emergency numbers by country, or Red Flags in the app.
Want more detail, tailored to your own situation?
Look up "Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)" in the appCommon questions
Are UTIs more common in women?
Yes — anatomical differences make UTIs significantly more common in women, though men, children, and people of any age can get them too.
Do I always need antibiotics for a UTI?
Not always for very mild symptoms, but most confirmed UTIs are treated with a short course of antibiotics — a pharmacist or GP can advise based on your symptoms.
Can cranberry juice prevent UTIs?
There is some evidence that cranberry products may help prevent bladder infections coming back, but there is no evidence that they ease symptoms or treat an infection that has already started. Speak to your doctor before taking them in pregnancy, and avoid them if you take warfarin.
How long does a UTI last?
Mild UTIs sometimes clear up on their own within a few days. If antibiotics are needed, symptoms usually start to improve within a few days of starting them.
Can men get UTIs?
Yes, although they are less common. Men with UTI symptoms should see a GP, as further checks may be needed.
Official sources
Related topics
Sudden Confusion (Delirium)
Sudden changes in thinking need urgent attention.
Dehydration in Older People
Signs to watch for and simple ways to help.
Sepsis Signs
A life-threatening reaction to infection: know the signs.
Back Pain
Self-care, staying active, and red-flag symptoms.
General information only, last checked 2026-11-09 — not medical advice and not a diagnosis. This page doesn't cover every cause or every person's situation; for anything specific to you or someone in your care, speak to a pharmacist, GP, or other qualified professional. See how we check. Be Wellness Wise is part of the Be Wise family of apps.